WHAT PRICE GLORY? QUESTIONS POSED BY ROSE HILL
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| Under the magnolias at Rose Hill |
I first visited Rose Hill seventeen years ago, in the days
before the internet or Wii or even Netflix had invaded our lives and relegated
that summer staple, the “day-trip,” to the quaint annals of the past. I had a nine-year-old daughter and a visiting niece in
tow that August, and all the things you can do with children at home had been
done. We needed some new surroundings.
Or so I thought. But since this was
also in the days before GPS or MapQuest and there were no smartphones yet, only
dumb phones, there was always a possibility that you would get lost on such
an adventure, ending up in a trackless forest or on a nuclear testing range.
I had armed
myself with a good map of South Carolina, I believed, but soon discovered that
such a map is only functional if the roads on the map correspond to marked
roads in the landscape, and once we were shed of the freeway and making our way
on secondary roads, my husband and I marveled at how many of the latter lacked
signage of any kind. By now I understand
a bit better how residents of the Palmetto state view such things, with the opinion
prevailing that if a body doesn’t know where he or she is headed without the
help of road signs then that body doesn’t have any business going there, but at the time I found it mystifying. Once we'd passed out of York
County and were making our way towards the town of Union we were forced to stop every few miles at gas
stations and convenience stores to ask the way.
When a cashier at the Stop-n-Go on
the outskirts of town told me she had never heard of Rose Hill, despite the
fact that she’d spent her whole life in Union, eight miles from the plantation,
I began to doubt that the place had ever existed except in legend.
Today, Rose
Hill is a fairly well-known state historic site and landmark, but seventeen
years ago the ranger was so happy to see us when we finally rolled into the dusty
parking lot and fell out of the car, gasping with gratitude, that I thought it
was going to be hugs all around. It
turned out we were only the second group to visit him that Saturday, and this
Ohio transplant was going crazy for lack of company. He took us on a private tour that went on for
so long I was worried we might have to camp out on Mrs. Gist’s capacious
mahogany bed. But the spell of that
place stayed with us a long time, drawing my husband and me back for several more visits
over the years.
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| Rose Hill, built 1828-32 |
I have toured a great many historic parks, sites and gardens
in the former Confederacy, embracing the homely rusticity of the Latta
farmhouse close to the banks of the Catawba River in North Carolina, as well as
the federal splendor of the Governor’s Palace in Williamsburg, Virginia. I’ve gawked at architecturally stunning
monuments built by rice fortunes, like the Nathaniel Russell townhouse in
Charleston, and explored the sprawling compounds of cotton and tobacco plantations
that must have functioned in their heydays more like communities (rigidly
hierarchical ones, given the large numbers of slaves) than family homesteads. Brattonsville in South Carolina is one of
these.
I have taken
away sobering lessons and fresh understanding about history and humanity from
all these places, but no site I have visited south of the Mason-Dixon line has
impressed me (disturbed me?) in quite the same way as Rose Hill. Perhaps it’s because of the way the former governor’s home is situated, surrounded today
by dense forest on what would have been thousands of acres of cleared
cropland in William Gist’s time. In this
way it gives the impression, once you arrive at your destination, of having
stumbled on Sleeping Beauty’s castle, slumbering behind its defenses of magical
briars for a hundred years.
The home is
sited on a slight promontory, with giant Magnolia
grandifloras framing the view from the front porch. Standing there, your eye travels across the
boxwood hedges and follows the arrow-straight line of the carriage drive, which
forms a perfect axis with the house. The
home’s design evokes the antebellum period with acute specificity; the
second-floor ballroom, for instance, occupies an entire quadrant of the
house. With its gold-framed cheval mirrors,
candle sconces and piano, it is virtually impossible when standing in that room
not to imagine female guests in enormous hoop skirts gliding across the floor,
or retiring two-by-two to the ladies’ parlor adjoining the ballroom, where the
windows would have been opened to the verandah for the sake of the breezes. It is a house intended to impress as well as
accommodate, to contain the builder’s aspirations for power and prestige as
much as to house his family. And yet
there is a pervasive feeling of loss here, of dreams sacrificed. The air is weighed down with doom.
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| The two magnolias growing on the front lawn are original to the house. |
Gist was
born in 1807, the illegitimate son of a Charleston merchant named Frances
Fincher Gist. The elder Gist moved his
son and the child’s mother upcountry where he and his brother Nathaniel owned
large tracts of land. When Frances died
a few years later, Nathaniel raised Henry in the Union district, suing to have
the boy legitimized by acquiring the name “Gist” legally and sending him down
to Columbia when he came of age in order to study law at South Carolina
College. It was at college that Henry
began to develop a reputation for hot-headedness, leading fellow students in a
boycott of the college’s dining services.
He was promptly expelled. Also while
a young man, he and his brother-in-law got into a dispute with a Union
storekeeper over an insult alleged to have been leveled by the b-i-l against a
lady known to them all. In the fracas
that followed, the shopkeeper was killed.
Neither of the young men was punished for the deed. A few years later Henry was rumored to have
fought a second duel, also stemming from damage done to a woman’s reputation,
but the incident was hushed up.
William Gist’s choleric disposition and his
flair for dramatic gestures were characteristics he may have come by honestly in the
family bloodline, considering that his Uncle Nathaniel named his own child, a
son born in 1831 as the Nullification Crisis was fanning flames of secession in
South Carolina, “States Rights Gist.” This was the name Henry’s cousin bore
proudly as a brigadier general for the Confederacy when Civil War finally broke
out in 1861, and it is the name misspelled on his tombstone at a churchyard in
Columbia where he was buried after a Union sniper felled him at the Battle of
Franklin, Tennessee, in 1864.
A painting
of States Rights hangs in the house at Rose Hill, close by a small, somewhat
primitive portrait of a girl with downcast eyes, who wears an uncomfortable-looking
bonnet. Our guide points out –
unnecessarily – that the lady’s expression is untypically sad for a bride-to-be,
as if, the ranger adds, “she already knows what’s going to happen to her.” This is a portrait of Gist’s first wife,
Louisa Bowen, who married the young planter in 1828 when she was sixteen. She
couldn’t have foreseen her fate when the picture was painted, but one wonders
if she was happy about marrying William Henry.
Eleven months after the wedding she bore a child who was either
stillborn or lived very briefly. In 1830
she gave birth to her second and final child, Maria, who survived. Louisa, however, lived only eleven days
longer. When she died she was eighteen.
Two years
later, as Gist finished building Rose Hill, he married a Union neighbor named Mary
Elizabeth Rice. She proved physically
stronger than the first Mrs. Gist, bearing a total of twelve children for William. Only four of them lived to adulthood, however,
with five dying as infants, and a son, William
Junior, killed at age 22 while leading a regiment in battle against Union
forces near Knoxville, Tennessee in the fall of 1863.
How Mary
survived motherhood with her sanity intact is a mystery. On our most recent visit to Rose Hill, the
ranger opened a box on Mary’s dressing table and allowed me to look at the pale
lock of hair enshrined there: a remembrance of Ellen, who died of fever in 1854
at the age of six. In that hideous
autumn three of her children died, with brothers Clarence, 12, and Charles, 7,
dying in the same day. These deaths
occurred while Mary was alone at Rose Hill, with William Henry serving as a
senator at the state legislature in Columbia.
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| Rear facade |
He took a
break from his political life in 1855, returning to the farm to tend to his
reduced family and presumably to give solace to his grief-stricken wife. More than likely, it was also necessary for
him to resume a more active role in the administration of his plantation. At its peak, Rose Hill depended on 179 slaves
to tend the cotton and tobacco, care for livestock, clear timber, and see to
the needs of the family. William Henry
may have preferred politics to planting; nevertheless, he was an ardent
champion of slavery and worked assiduously to protect and promote the
institution, first as a legislator and then as governor of South Carolina,
returning to the capitol in 1858 to accept that office.
Gist was
raised in that rarefied class of white South Carolinians born in the first half
of the 19th century who trained all their lives for a titanic fight with
the federal government, men raised by fathers and uncles who believed so
passionately in the principles held by their hero, John C. Calhoun -- that a
state had the sovereign right to create its own laws and to resist any tariffs,
levies, laws or prohibitions forced upon that state by the powers-that-be in Washington
-- that these ‘fire-eaters’ had pushed President Andrew Jackson to send an army
down to Charleston as far back as 1828.
He would have done, if Henry Clay had not hammered out a compromise bill
at the eleventh hour. The compromise
bought the Union some time, but the clash of wills and competing values (along
with a generation of male children named ‘States Rights’) guaranteed a violent reckoning,
eventually.
Gist did his
best to expedite that confrontation. In
early October of 1860, prior to the presidential election, Governor Gist was attempting
to organize lawmakers in other slave states to pledge secession in the event
that Abraham Lincoln was voted into office, entrusting his cousin States Rights
to serve as courier and carry his top-secret letters to the governors in every cotton-growing
state but Texas. In these letters he
informed his counterparts that South Carolina would withdraw from the union and
would move against the north with a militia at the earliest opportunity, and he
urged them to join him and his countrymen.
(One month later, Gist would address the South Carolina legislature in a
special session he called to prepare for the state’s approaching secession,
telling the assembled members: “If, in
the exercise of arbitrary power, and forgetful of the lessons of history, the
Government of the United States should attempt coercion, it will become our
solemn duty to meet force by force…”
During that address he called for the House and Senate to beef up the
state’s militia and get it ready to deploy on short notice. “Every
man in the state, between the ages of 18 and 45, should be well-armed with the
most effective weapons of modern warfare, and all the available means of the
state used for that purpose” (“The Called Session”)
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| Rear view of property, with kitchen in left foreground. The land slopes down to the Tyger River. |
Gist was not deterred by the reluctance of cooler heads
in other statehouses, because he knew that slave-owners throughout the south
felt as he did. With slaves accounting
for close to half the population in the Deep South by the 1850s, anxiety on the
part of white planters was growing rapidly, drowning out the cautious arguments
of Unionists in those states. At the
root of this anxiety was John Brown, a New York farmer who along with five of
his sons became a militant force for abolitionism in the north and the face of
domestic terrorism in the south. Brown made
national headlines in 1855 fighting pro-slavery factions in Kansas; he and his
band murdered five pro-slavery Kansans in retribution for the deaths of five
anti-slavery activists in Lawrence. (It
should be remembered that during the ‘Bleeding Kansas’ period Southern states sent
cash, emigrants, and enthusiastic young partisans to Kansas to fight for the
pro-slavery cause. One of the incidents
that riled John Brown so particularly was the sacking of two anti-slavery
presses in Lawrence, the Herald of
Freedom and the Free State, by a
gang of pro-slave volunteers carrying the South Carolina flag. According to a newspaper account of the day,
after destroying the offices of the newspapers and burning the building to the
ground, “the excited mob thereupon
planted three cannon near the hotel, fired some thirty shots in a vain effort
to batter it to pieces, and tried to blow it up with a keg of gunpowder.
Finally, after ransacking the rooms and seizing the stock of liquor, they
burned it down. When the best hostelry in the Territory was a heap of ruins,
they fired Governor Robinson’s house and barn, destroying his furniture and library.
Before setting out for home they also pillaged a number of shops and houses”
(Nevins).)
With his zeal fueled by the conflicts in Kansas, Brown
sought to arm slaves in all the southern states and to lead them in a mass
uprising against the planters. To that
end, he planned and carried out a raid against a federal arsenal in Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia, on October 16, 1859. Five
black men and sixteen whites, including his own sons, carried out the attack,
but local militias fought back and were soon aided by the arrival of ninety
U.S. Marines commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Brown refused to surrender, and by October 18th
all but two of his raiders had been captured or killed.
Although his raid was unsuccessful and Brown hanged in
December (a public execution witnessed, fatefully, by John Wilkes Booth), this
violent political action had a powerful effect on Americans in the north as
well as the south. Brown was admired by
respected figures in the north who began to popularize the abolitionist cause, while
he stirred up enormous alarm among southerners, who feared that their own
slaves would soon be armed by abolitionists and would liberate themselves
through bloody uprisings. For many
southerners sympathetic to Gist’s position, the conflict between north and
south had escalated frighteningly from disagreement over which states would
join the Union free of slavery, and to what extent abolitionists were breaking
the law by helping runaway slaves, to become a matter of life or
death. Their own.
Hindsight is always 20/20, of course, and it’s tempting
when one studies history to judge harshly those figures that caused or contributed
to great calamities -- people who were instrumental in decisions that exacted an
enormous price in human lives (usually exempting their own) and human suffering. Gist wasn’t the only
impassioned southerner calling for war, and plenty of abolitionist voices were
singing the same chorus in the north.
But with the 150th anniversary of the battle of Gettysburg
observed in June 2013, a great many historic perspectives on the Civil
War are being aired again, along with some new views of this great American conflict
that question the cost /benefit ratio of those hostilities.
A thought-provoking commentary written by Tony Horwitz,
author of Confederates in the Attic, caught my eye in The Week, July 19, 2013. In “Glorifying the Civil War,” Horwitz points
out that modern demographic studies of census and casualty records from the
time have pushed the death total much higher than previously thought,
especially when civilian deaths – estimated at around 50,000 – are added to the
mix. Instead of 600,000 dead, it’s now
believed that as many as 800,000 may have died as a direct result of fighting,
and Horwitz makes the horrifying observation that such a death toll today would
be equivalent to losing seven and a half million people out of our ranks – an
unimaginable prospect.
He goes on to summarize the traditional arguments made by
historians in the past who argued that such a toll was the devastating but
essential price paid to end slavery and preserve the democracy, and to compare those views with the provocative perspectives of contemporary historians like
David Goldfield, who tells Horwitz that the Civil War was “America’s greatest
failure.”
Goldfield parts ways with the mostly southern-based
‘revisionist’ historians who have traditionally argued that slavery was not the
main cause of conflict between north and south -- that it was a disagreement
over states rights v. federal authority.
He maintains that slavery was most definitely the cause of it all. (The recorded rhetoric of secessionists like William
Gist supports this position.)
But Goldfield points to the incomplete dividends paid on the investment
of so much blood and treasure – the ‘unfinished work’ that Lincoln referred to
in his Gettysburg Address. The Civil War ended slavery, but in the war’s
aftermath black Americans were largely denied their full civil rights for the
next one hundred years. Goldfield blames
that on the deep-seated conviction of racial supremacy held by 19th
century whites in the north as well as the south, a belief that undermined Reconstruction
and which, when combined with war-exhaustion and diminished funds, helped to
bring about the lapse of federal enforcement of post-war equality in southern
states. It was inevitable that the
Union’s withdrawal led to the speedy resumption of business-as-usual in the
south’s social order, with the rise of Jim Crow laws, the Klan, and the
eventual large-scale migration of southern blacks seeking to escape lynchings
and economic subjugation by fleeing to cities in the north and west.
As Horwitz characterizes it, the war didn’t reunite the
country, either. The South settled into
being isolated and economically stagnant, “a resentful region that lagged and
resisted the nation’s progress.” Considering the sacrifice on both sides, David
Goldfield states, “Emancipation and reunion, the two great results of this war,
were badly compromised … Was the war
worth it? No.” (Horwitz).
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| View of the partially restored rose gardens from the 2nd story verandah. Many of the boxwoods are original to the home. |
I think about this remembering the shadow that seems to
be permanently parked over the former governor’s home, despite the sunlit,
restored rose gardens and perfectly manicured camellias. On my last visit I presumed this haunted
feeling to be some form of sympathetic grief on my part for the many children
lost in that home, especially when the guide took us into the back parlor where
the family would have gathered in the evenings to sew, read, play and talk but
also where dead family members would be laid out on the ‘cooling board’ in
preparation for burial. Now I wonder if
that oppressive intimation of loss at Rose Hill is not merely due to the Gist children who died there (God knows how many slave children died on the plantation -- their passing was not noted) but is a residual effect of the thousands of lives cut
short in a needless war, a war whipped into existence through political ambition, stubbornness, and
vainglorious pride. Horwitz also said of
historian David Goldfield that he blames the Civil War on “politicians,
extremists, and the influence of evangelical Christianity for polarizing the
nation to the point where compromise or reasoned debate became
impossible.” What’s so chilling is that
he could be describing the American political scene in 2015. Perhaps that’s the lasting lesson of a visit
to Rose Hill.
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| A view across the lawn to the carriage drive |
Leaving the house after our last tour and walking around
back to look at the rose garden one more time, we encountered a family who had
arrived too late for the 1:00 tour, and had strolled the grounds waiting for our
group to finish and the next one to start. The wife pointed up to the porch, to
the windows of the back parlor where we had just ended our tour. As the ranger had talked, that’s where I’d
been imagining Mary Gist sitting in the rocker on a hot September night. She sat with her sewing box and the
half-finished quilt on her lap, trying to stay busy as she kept vigil over the
body of her six-year old daughter, Ellen Douglas Gist.
The visitor said that she had been trying to get our
attention through the window, but none of us had noticed her waving. “The whole time you were in there, a black
snake was stretched out on that windowsill.
It must be four feet long. It’s
lying there still – go on up and take a look.”
I didn’t need to see the snake. I’d been feeling it everywhere I looked.
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Rose Hill is located a few miles south of the town of Union, SC. For directions, hours, and special events refer to the website: http://www.southcarolinaparks.com/rosehill/introduction.aspx
WORKS CITED:
“The Called Session of November 1860.” Journal of the Senate of the State of South
Carolina, being the Sessions of 1860.
Columbia, S.C.: R. W. Gibbes, 1860. Web. 7 Aug 2013.
Horwitz, Tony. “Glorifying the Civil War.” The Week. (Originally published in The Atlantic, 2013.) 19 July 2013:
40-41. Print.
Nevins, Allan. Ordeal
of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1847-1852.
New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1947. Print.
"William Henry Gist." Dictionary of American Biography.
New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1936. U.S. History In Context. Web.
6 Aug. 2013.